Language choice in multilingual communities pdf Northland
Language Choice in Multilingual Communities 1656 Words Feb 01, 2009В В· The study of language choice and code-switching can illuminate the ways in which, through language, social institutions with ethnolinguistically diverse staff and clients exercise symbolic domination. Available formats PDF Please select a format to send. The politics of code-switching and language choice. Journal of Multilingual and
Language Use in Bilingual Communities SpringerLink
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. Migration groups and diasporic communities are important contemporary sites for bi- and multilingual discourse on the Internet, which this chapter explores, taking discussion forums of German-based migrant groups as a case in point. German and home languages (such as Greek, Persian, and Indian languages) are both used on these forums, albeit in proportions depending on the participants, topics, in which nonwestern/multilingual communities acquire language competence, but how all of us are compelled to learn and use languages in late modernity. In this article, we articulate the emerging realizations about multilingual communication, the needed shifts in language.
Language choice in multilingual. communities Speech Communities • Individuals who speak the same language or the same dialect or the same variety, which means they employ the same code, are considered members of the same speech community. • People can group together for one or more reasons: social, religious, political, cultural, familial, vocational, avocational, and so on. Variety or code choice : Fishman’s extension Code-switching Code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to using more than one language or variety in conversation Domains of code-switching *SUPERPOSED, STANDARD, HIGH VARIETY. Summary of the study revealed that the purpose
suggest a link between the topic of discussion and the language choices of multilingual communities [14], [1] and [25]. There is a growing interest within computational areas of re-search towards automatic language identification for multilingual texts [20] [18] [16] and compilation of mixed language corpora (e.g. [6] for Arabic). Sep 07, 2016 · The work looks into the factors affecting language choice in a multilingual society, from a sociolinguistic point of view. This study brings to light a number of …
suggest a link between the topic of discussion and the language choices of multilingual communities [14], [1] and [25]. There is a growing interest within computational areas of re-search towards automatic language identification for multilingual texts [20] [18] [16] and compilation of mixed language corpora (e.g. [6] for Arabic). FACTORS AFFECTING LANGUAGE CHOICE IN A MULTILINGUAL SOCIETY, Largest Undergraduate Projects Repository, Research Works and Materials. Download Undergraduate Projects Topics and Materials Accounting, Economics, Education
FACTORS AFFECTING LANGUAGE CHOICE IN A MULTILINGUAL SOCIETY, Largest Undergraduate Projects Repository, Research Works and Materials. Download Undergraduate Projects Topics and Materials Accounting, Economics, Education Apr 29, 2014 · Language choice in multilingual communities 1. Language choice in multilingual communities 2. Variety code • Linguistic Repertoire It is the variety of linguistic codes that a person has stored and uses them depending on the different environments
Language choice in multilingual. communities Speech Communities • Individuals who speak the same language or the same dialect or the same variety, which means they employ the same code, are considered members of the same speech community. • People can group together for one or more reasons: social, religious, political, cultural, familial, vocational, avocational, and so on. FACTORS AFFECTING LANGUAGE CHOICE IN A MULTILINGUAL SOCIETY, Largest Undergraduate Projects Repository, Research Works and Materials. Download Undergraduate Projects Topics and Materials Accounting, Economics, Education
Language choice in multilingual communities • First it forces us to be very clear about which domains and varieties are relevant to language choice. • The model . summarises. what we know about the patterns of language use in the community. • It is not an account of the . Jun 09, 2014 · Sociolinguistics - Chapter Two - Language choice in multilingual communities 1. LANGUAGE CHOICE IN MULTILINGUAL COMMUNITIES By First Group 2. LANGUAGE CHOICE IN MULTILINGUAL COMMUNITIES In multilingual communities, more than one language is used. It means that people living in this situation may speak more than one language.
Language scholarship entered the second half of the twentieth century still largely under the influence of the attitudes of the nineteenth. The predominant view saw languages describable in terms of one grammar, the correct one, more often than not based on the written texts of classical authors, rather than the spoken language of people at large. Apr 23, 2015 · This video serves as a pre-class self-study material for students to get familiarized with the sociolinguistic topic “language choice in multilingual communities”. The target students of the
Jul 17, 2015 · Webb L. (2015) Conflicting Perspectives of Power, Identity, Access and Language Choice in Multilingual Teachers’ Voices. In: Cho S. (eds) Selected Regular Lectures from the 12th International Congress on Mathematical Education. Language Choice in Communication in a Multilingual Setting: A Case Study of a Cross Section of First Year Students of the University of Cape Coast, Ghana 341 In early times, when most people were members of small language communities, it was necessary to know two or more languages for trade or any other dealings outside one’s own town
FACTORS AFFECTING LANGUAGE CHOICE IN A MULTILINGUAL SOCIETY, Largest Undergraduate Projects Repository, Research Works and Materials. Download Undergraduate Projects Topics and Materials Accounting, Economics, Education In a multilingual community, the multilingual speaker needs to make the right language choice which principally depends on the domain of usage and the linguistic repertoire of \ud speech participants. This paper investigates factors that govern language choices that multilingual speakers make in Larteh, a multilingual community.
Variety or code choice : Fishman’s extension Code-switching Code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to using more than one language or variety in conversation Domains of code-switching *SUPERPOSED, STANDARD, HIGH VARIETY. Summary of the study revealed that the purpose LANGUAGE CHOICE AND LANGUAGE ATTITUDES IN A MULTILINGUAL no longer tied to stable communities, they move across the globe, and change in the process. Most nations in the world are multilingual; speaking more than two languages. They contain ethnic groups in …
Language Choice in Multilingual Communities 1656 Words
Wikipedia access and contribution language choice in. View KIC Document 0002.pdf from SOC 305 at Binghamton University. Language Choice in Multilingual Communities Holmes & Wilson (2017, Ch. 2) ANTH/LING 212.90 Sabina Perrino Linguistic Repertoires •, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Ethnolinguistic vitality, Kinubi, language choice, multilingual, domains of use 1.0 INTRODUCTION A language is an important factor in human communication. There is a well documented tendency for some speech communities to change over time from ones first language to another (Gal.
Understanding Multilingual Social Networks in Online. Nov 29, 2007 · Abstract. Firth and Wagner (1997) questioned the dichotomies nonnative versus native speaker, learner versus user, and interlanguage versus target language, which reflect a bias toward innateness, cognition, and form in language acquisition.Research on lingua franca English (LFE) not only affirms this questioning, but reveals what multilingual communities have known all along: Language, This volume draws on the extensive and varied literature related to the sociolinguistics of globalisation – linguistic ethnography, discourse analysis, language teaching, language and identity, and language planning – as the theoretical bases for the description of the nature of these emerging multilingual communities that are increasingly.
'Language choice in multilingual communities' Crest Essays
Language practices in multilingual communities insights. Language choice in multilingual communities • First it forces us to be very clear about which domains and varieties are relevant to language choice. • The model . summarises. what we know about the patterns of language use in the community. • It is not an account of the . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingual_language Oct 23, 2016 · This is an explanation video from the contents in chapter 2 of the Holme's material 'An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.'.
Previous studies on language choice in the development of unimodal bilinguals. Studies of unimodal bilingual children have found that they typically display interlocutor sensitivity at an early age, using more of language A with an interlocutor who speaks A, and more of language α with an interlocutor who speaks α (Genesee et al., 1995; Petitto et al., 2001). This volume draws on the extensive and varied literature related to the sociolinguistics of globalisation – linguistic ethnography, discourse analysis, language teaching, language and identity, and language planning – as the theoretical bases for the description of the nature of these emerging multilingual communities that are increasingly
only affirms this questioning, but reveals what multilingual communities have known all along: Language learning and use succeed through performance strategies, situational resources, and social negotiations in fluid communicative contexts. Proficiency is therefore practice-based, adaptive, and emergent. Language choice in multilingual communities. It has been suggested that certain social factors – who you are talking to, the social context of the talk, the function and topic of the discussion – are important in accounting for language choice in many different kinds …
Variety or code choice : Fishman’s extension Code-switching Code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to using more than one language or variety in conversation Domains of code-switching *SUPERPOSED, STANDARD, HIGH VARIETY. Summary of the study revealed that the purpose Apr 23, 2015 · This video serves as a pre-class self-study material for students to get familiarized with the sociolinguistic topic “language choice in multilingual communities”. The target students of the
Jul 17, 2015 · Webb L. (2015) Conflicting Perspectives of Power, Identity, Access and Language Choice in Multilingual Teachers’ Voices. In: Cho S. (eds) Selected Regular Lectures from the 12th International Congress on Mathematical Education. Feb 01, 2009 · The study of language choice and code-switching can illuminate the ways in which, through language, social institutions with ethnolinguistically diverse staff and clients exercise symbolic domination. Available formats PDF Please select a format to send. The politics of code-switching and language choice. Journal of Multilingual and
Multilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers.It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world's population. More than half of all Europeans claim to speak at least one language other than their mother tongue; but many read and write in one language. . Always useful to traders ENG 3230 Language and Society Chapter 2 Language Choice in Multilingual Communities Dr. Gavin Bui Lecture overview 1. Linguistic repertoire 2. Domain 2.1 definition 2.2 modelling code choice 2.3 stability of …
suggest a link between the topic of discussion and the language choices of multilingual communities [14], [1] and [25]. There is a growing interest within computational areas of re-search towards automatic language identification for multilingual texts [20] [18] [16] and compilation of mixed language corpora (e.g. [6] for Arabic). in which nonwestern/multilingual communities acquire language competence, but how all of us are compelled to learn and use languages in late modernity. In this article, we articulate the emerging realizations about multilingual communication, the needed shifts in language
In a multilingual community, the multilingual speaker needs to make the right language choice which principally depends on the domain of usage and the linguistic repertoire of \ud speech participants. This paper investigates factors that govern language choices that multilingual speakers make in Larteh, a multilingual community. LANGUAGE CHOICE AND LANGUAGE ATTITUDES IN A MULTILINGUAL no longer tied to stable communities, they move across the globe, and change in the process. Most nations in the world are multilingual; speaking more than two languages. They contain ethnic groups in …
Wikipedia access and contribution: Language choice in multilingual communities Anà lisi 57, 2017 77 In relation to this, we can also observe that, while the reading knowledge of Catalan and Spanish is very strong, and that of English is significantly lower, the trends of … Language choice in multilingual communities. It has been suggested that certain social factors – who you are talking to, the social context of the talk, the function and topic of the discussion – are important in accounting for language choice in many different kinds …
Migration groups and diasporic communities are important contemporary sites for bi- and multilingual discourse on the Internet, which this chapter explores, taking discussion forums of German-based migrant groups as a case in point. German and home languages (such as Greek, Persian, and Indian languages) are both used on these forums, albeit in proportions depending on the participants, topics Request PDF on ResearchGate Language Choice in Multilingual Communities: The Case of Larteh, Ghana In a multilingual community, the multilingual speaker needs to make the right language choice
Wikipedia access and contribution: Language choice in multilingual communities AnГ lisi 57, 2017 65 influencia en su decisiГіn lingГјГstica al editar y crear artГculos, asГ como en los temas sobre los que decidieron escribir. Adicionalmente, el estudio tambiГ©n ofrece indicios relevantes Oct 23, 2016В В· This is an explanation video from the contents in chapter 2 of the Holme's material 'An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.'
A two-step sociolinguistic analysis of code-switching and language choice: the example of a bilingual Chinese community in Britain. Authors. Style repertoire and social change in British Asian English, Journal of Sociolinguistics, 2011, 15, 4, Examples from a Chinese community in Britain, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Language Choice in Multilingual Communities CHAPTER 2 (An Introduction to Sociolinguistics by Janet Holmes) Darene Almalki . Choosing the appropriate variety in multilingual communities depends on: 1. Social factors and dimensions 2. The repertoire of the addressee
Darene CHAPTER 2 (An Introduction to Sociolinguistics by
Language choice in multilingual communities. determine language choice in multilingual communities. Discussion of the Results Related to Language Attitudes The results concerning language attitudes am ong Arabs of Quebec re vealed that the, Mar 23, 2017В В· Yet there is still relatively little linguistic research on how language is used in everyday interaction in these multilingual communities. In this paper, I explore the strengths and limitations of traditional language maintenance research for understanding language choice in the school setting and highlight the importance of also considering.
Language Use in Bilingual Communities SpringerLink
Language practices in multilingual communities insights. Oct 23, 2016 · This is an explanation video from the contents in chapter 2 of the Holme's material 'An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.', suggest a link between the topic of discussion and the language choices of multilingual communities [14], [1] and [25]. There is a growing interest within computational areas of re-search towards automatic language identification for multilingual texts [20] [18] [16] and compilation of mixed language corpora (e.g. [6] for Arabic)..
Wikipedia access and contribution: Language choice in multilingual communities AnГ lisi 57, 2017 65 influencia en su decisiГіn lingГјГstica al editar y crear artГculos, asГ como en los temas sobre los que decidieron escribir. Adicionalmente, el estudio tambiГ©n ofrece indicios relevantes A two-step sociolinguistic analysis of code-switching and language choice: the example of a bilingual Chinese community in Britain. Authors. Style repertoire and social change in British Asian English, Journal of Sociolinguistics, 2011, 15, 4, Examples from a Chinese community in Britain, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural
Migration groups and diasporic communities are important contemporary sites for bi- and multilingual discourse on the Internet, which this chapter explores, taking discussion forums of German-based migrant groups as a case in point. German and home languages (such as Greek, Persian, and Indian languages) are both used on these forums, albeit in proportions depending on the participants, topics Feb 01, 2009В В· The study of language choice and code-switching can illuminate the ways in which, through language, social institutions with ethnolinguistically diverse staff and clients exercise symbolic domination. Available formats PDF Please select a format to send. The politics of code-switching and language choice. Journal of Multilingual and
Variety or code choice : Fishman’s extension Code-switching Code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to using more than one language or variety in conversation Domains of code-switching *SUPERPOSED, STANDARD, HIGH VARIETY. Summary of the study revealed that the purpose This amount attracts on the in depth and diversified literature related to the sociolinguistics of globalisation – linguistic ethnography, discourse analysis, language educating, language and id, and language planning – as a result of the theoretical bases for the define of the character of these rising multilingual communities that are
Feb 19, 2018В В· There is a well documented tendency for some speech communities to change over time from ones first language to another (Gal, 1979). Language choice is when the speaker chooses what language to use in particular situation in bilingual or multilingual communities. "Who speaks what language to whom and when" Fishman (1965 cited in Al surmi.2000). In a multilingual community, the multilingual speaker needs to make the right language choice which principally depends on the domain of usage and the linguistic repertoire of \ud speech participants. This paper investigates factors that govern language choices that multilingual speakers make in Larteh, a multilingual community.
View KIC Document 0002.pdf from SOC 305 at Binghamton University. Language Choice in Multilingual Communities Holmes & Wilson (2017, Ch. 2) ANTH/LING 212.90 Sabina Perrino Linguistic Repertoires • Jun 09, 2014 · Sociolinguistics - Chapter Two - Language choice in multilingual communities 1. LANGUAGE CHOICE IN MULTILINGUAL COMMUNITIES By First Group 2. LANGUAGE CHOICE IN MULTILINGUAL COMMUNITIES In multilingual communities, more than one language is used. It means that people living in this situation may speak more than one language.
Information about the open-access article 'Language Choice in Multilingual Communities: The Case of Larteh, Ghana' in DOAJ. DOAJ is an online directory that indexes and provides access to quality open access, peer-reviewed journals. Feb 01, 2009В В· The study of language choice and code-switching can illuminate the ways in which, through language, social institutions with ethnolinguistically diverse staff and clients exercise symbolic domination. Available formats PDF Please select a format to send. The politics of code-switching and language choice. Journal of Multilingual and
Feb 01, 2009В В· The study of language choice and code-switching can illuminate the ways in which, through language, social institutions with ethnolinguistically diverse staff and clients exercise symbolic domination. Available formats PDF Please select a format to send. The politics of code-switching and language choice. Journal of Multilingual and Feb 19, 2018В В· There is a well documented tendency for some speech communities to change over time from ones first language to another (Gal, 1979). Language choice is when the speaker chooses what language to use in particular situation in bilingual or multilingual communities. "Who speaks what language to whom and when" Fishman (1965 cited in Al surmi.2000).
This paper presents a study on language use in both accessing and contributing to Wikipedia in a context were users were expected to be able to read and write in … This volume draws on the extensive and varied literature related to the sociolinguistics of globalisation – linguistic ethnography, discourse analysis, language teaching, language and identity, and language planning – as the theoretical bases for the description of the nature of these emerging multilingual communities that are increasingly
Language choice in multilingual. communities Speech Communities • Individuals who speak the same language or the same dialect or the same variety, which means they employ the same code, are considered members of the same speech community. • People can group together for one or more reasons: social, religious, political, cultural, familial, vocational, avocational, and so on. Feb 19, 2018 · There is a well documented tendency for some speech communities to change over time from ones first language to another (Gal, 1979). Language choice is when the speaker chooses what language to use in particular situation in bilingual or multilingual communities. "Who speaks what language to whom and when" Fishman (1965 cited in Al surmi.2000).
Language Choice in Multilingual Communities CHAPTER 2 (An Introduction to Sociolinguistics by Janet Holmes) Darene Almalki . Choosing the appropriate variety in multilingual communities depends on: 1. Social factors and dimensions 2. The repertoire of the addressee 1 LINGUISTICS 160 Lecture #2 LANGUAGE CHOICE IN MULTILINGUAL COMMUNITIES 1. Choosing your variety or code code в†’ a neutral term language, dialect, standard, etc.: these terms imply judgement, emotion, not neutral terms!
A two-step sociolinguistic analysis of code-switching and
Darene CHAPTER 2 (An Introduction to Sociolinguistics by. Sep 07, 2016 · The work looks into the factors affecting language choice in a multilingual society, from a sociolinguistic point of view. This study brings to light a number of …, In a multilingual community, the multilingual speaker needs to make the right language choice which principally depends on the domain of usage and the linguistic repertoire of \ud speech participants. This paper investigates factors that govern language choices that multilingual speakers make in Larteh, a multilingual community..
Language Choice in Multilingual Communities 1656 Words. Jul 17, 2015 · Webb L. (2015) Conflicting Perspectives of Power, Identity, Access and Language Choice in Multilingual Teachers’ Voices. In: Cho S. (eds) Selected Regular Lectures from the 12th International Congress on Mathematical Education., FACTORS AFFECTING LANGUAGE CHOICE IN A MULTILINGUAL SOCIETY. ABSTRACT The work looks into the factors affecting language choice in a multilingual society, from a sociolinguistic point of view. This study brings to light a number of what affect individuals language choice. In these communities, there is more than one language that plays an.
Understanding Multilingual Social Networks in Online
Changes in Bilingual Language Choice Influenced by Real. Feb 01, 2009 · The study of language choice and code-switching can illuminate the ways in which, through language, social institutions with ethnolinguistically diverse staff and clients exercise symbolic domination. Available formats PDF Please select a format to send. The politics of code-switching and language choice. Journal of Multilingual and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingual_language Language Choice in Communication in a Multilingual Setting: A Case Study of a Cross Section of First Year Students of the University of Cape Coast, Ghana 341 In early times, when most people were members of small language communities, it was necessary to know two or more languages for trade or any other dealings outside one’s own town.
Apr 29, 2014 · Language choice in multilingual communities 1. Language choice in multilingual communities 2. Variety code • Linguistic Repertoire It is the variety of linguistic codes that a person has stored and uses them depending on the different environments FACTORS AFFECTING LANGUAGE CHOICE IN A MULTILINGUAL SOCIETY, Largest Undergraduate Projects Repository, Research Works and Materials. Download Undergraduate Projects Topics and Materials Accounting, Economics, Education
Speaker age and language choice in child-directed speech in a multilingual Australian Indigenous community. CONTEXT • Research into child language acquisition tends to focus on dyadic mother-child interaction, despite the fact that the majority of the world’s suggest a link between the topic of discussion and the language choices of multilingual communities [14], [1] and [25]. There is a growing interest within computational areas of re-search towards automatic language identification for multilingual texts [20] [18] [16] and compilation of mixed language corpora (e.g. [6] for Arabic).
1 LINGUISTICS 160 Lecture #2 LANGUAGE CHOICE IN MULTILINGUAL COMMUNITIES 1. Choosing your variety or code code в†’ a neutral term language, dialect, standard, etc.: these terms imply judgement, emotion, not neutral terms! Nov 29, 2007В В· Abstract. Firth and Wagner (1997) questioned the dichotomies nonnative versus native speaker, learner versus user, and interlanguage versus target language, which reflect a bias toward innateness, cognition, and form in language acquisition.Research on lingua franca English (LFE) not only affirms this questioning, but reveals what multilingual communities have known all along: Language
Nov 29, 2007 · Abstract. Firth and Wagner (1997) questioned the dichotomies nonnative versus native speaker, learner versus user, and interlanguage versus target language, which reflect a bias toward innateness, cognition, and form in language acquisition.Research on lingua franca English (LFE) not only affirms this questioning, but reveals what multilingual communities have known all along: Language language choice between speakers of different ages are a reflection of change over time – of language shift in progress” (Gal, 1979: 153). Li Wei in his book summarizing the language choice and language Several communities have been living in the territory of Hungary since the foundation of the state one thousand years ago.
Sep 07, 2016 · The work looks into the factors affecting language choice in a multilingual society, from a sociolinguistic point of view. This study brings to light a number of … Variety or code choice : Fishman’s extension Code-switching Code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to using more than one language or variety in conversation Domains of code-switching *SUPERPOSED, STANDARD, HIGH VARIETY. Summary of the study revealed that the purpose
Jul 17, 2015 · Webb L. (2015) Conflicting Perspectives of Power, Identity, Access and Language Choice in Multilingual Teachers’ Voices. In: Cho S. (eds) Selected Regular Lectures from the 12th International Congress on Mathematical Education. They also investigate how poor teacher training leads to language-related failures in education. At the same time, they demonstrate that education in a mother tongue can work, linguists can use their expertise to provoke changes in language policies, and linguistic creativity thrives in …
Language scholarship entered the second half of the twentieth century still largely under the influence of the attitudes of the nineteenth. The predominant view saw languages describable in terms of one grammar, the correct one, more often than not based on the written texts of classical authors, rather than the spoken language of people at large. Wikipedia access and contribution: Language choice in multilingual communities Anà lisi 57, 2017 77 In relation to this, we can also observe that, while the reading knowledge of Catalan and Spanish is very strong, and that of English is significantly lower, the trends of …
suggest a link between the topic of discussion and the language choices of multilingual communities [14], [1] and [25]. There is a growing interest within computational areas of re-search towards automatic language identification for multilingual texts [20] [18] [16] and compilation of mixed language corpora (e.g. [6] for Arabic). This volume draws on the extensive and varied literature related to the sociolinguistics of globalisation – linguistic ethnography, discourse analysis, language teaching, language and identity, and language planning – as the theoretical bases for the description of the nature of these emerging multilingual communities that are increasingly
In a multilingual community, the multilingual speaker needs to make the right language choice which principally depends on the domain of usage and the linguistic repertoire of speech participants. This paper investigates factors that govern language choices that multilingual speakers make in Larteh, a multilingual community. suggest a link between the topic of discussion and the language choices of multilingual communities [14], [1] and [25]. There is a growing interest within computational areas of re-search towards automatic language identification for multilingual texts [20] [18] [16] and compilation of mixed language corpora (e.g. [6] for Arabic).
This volume draws on the extensive and varied literature related to the sociolinguistics of globalisation – linguistic ethnography, discourse analysis, language teaching, language and identity, and language planning – as the theoretical bases for the description of the nature of these emerging multilingual communities that are increasingly This volume draws on the extensive and varied literature related to the sociolinguistics of globalisation – linguistic ethnography, discourse analysis, language teaching, language and identity, and language planning – as the theoretical bases for the description of the nature of these emerging multilingual communities that are increasingly
1 LINGUISTICS 160 Lecture #2 LANGUAGE CHOICE IN MULTILINGUAL COMMUNITIES 1. Choosing your variety or code code → a neutral term language, dialect, standard, etc.: these terms imply judgement, emotion, not neutral terms! Apr 29, 2014 · Language choice in multilingual communities 1. Language choice in multilingual communities 2. Variety code • Linguistic Repertoire It is the variety of linguistic codes that a person has stored and uses them depending on the different environments
